TRD Special Report: When the heiress Bunny Mellon died in 2014 at age 103, Sotheby’s sold her art collection – with pieces from Georges Braque and Mark Rothko – for a whopping $158.7 million. Her jewelry and furniture fetched another $59.3 million.
But when it came time to market the crown jewel of her real estate portfolio – a 2,000-acre, $70 million compound in Virginia – the executor of her estate tapped Washington Fine Properties, a Georgetown-based boutique firm and onetime Sotheby’s affiliate that cut ties with the auction house more than a decade ago.
The Mellon estate decision cast a shadow on the much-ballyhooed relationship between the auction house and real estate brokerages around the country that pay a pretty penny to license its name.
Both Sotheby’s and its main rival, Christie’s, have real estate ties – Christie’s via affiliated firms like Brown Harris Stevens in New York, and Sotheby’s through wholly-owned offices as well as affiliated brokerages. These affiliations are touted by property brokerage chiefs as an elite referral network that can generate buyer and seller leads and result in lucrative property sales.
“The same people who buy important art buy important real estate,” Hall Willkie, president of BHS, said in a promotional video on Christie’s website.
With political and economic instability on the rise worldwide, New York City’s relative stability is attracting growing investor interest. Prices in the city’s luxury residential market jumped 18.8 percent in 2014, the largest gain among so-called “world cities,” according to Knight Frank data. A growing pool of foreign money played a significant part in this appreciation, and local brokerages, anxious to increase their visibility with foreign buyers, are looking to strike partnerships across the country and abroad.
From left: Elliman’s Howard Lorber and Dottie Herman and Knight Frank’s Lord Andrew Hay
In September 2014, Douglas Elliman announced a so-called “strategic alliance” with Knight Frank Residential, a global property search consultancy headquartered in London. Three months later, the Corcoran Group followed suit, announcing a similar alliance with Monaco-based John Taylor. In early 2015, Town Residential inked a partnership with Miami-based Fortune International Group. And in November, townhouse brokerage Leslie J. Garfield & Co. said it was mulling a merger with London-based Beauchamp Estates.
“Relationships are resources,” said Wendy Maitland, Town’s president of sales.
It’s still unclear, however, if these relationships translate into what matters — commissions. Some critics go a step further, saying touting such alliances can be misleading to consumers, who may believe a brokerage’s global network or auction-house affiliation will help their properties sell faster, or for a higher price.
“Having been at Brown Harris Stevens for almost five years, I can say personally my business was not impacted by that in any way,” said a top broker who requested anonymity when speaking about her former firm’s ties with Christie’s. “It was nice to talk about; it’s certainly prestigious.”
Stuart Siegel, a former president of Sotheby’s International Realty in New York and now head of Engel & Völkers NYC, said though the 216-year-old Sotheby’s brand is “undeniably powerful globally, its influence over the real estate business is minimal.”
“It’s two separate businesses,” he added.
I. A package deal: The auction house model
The two big auction houses structure their alliances differently.
Sotheby’s founded Sotheby’s International Realty in 1976 as a service for clients, but sold the real estate division for $100 million in 2004 to Realogy Holdings, the parent company of firms such as the Corcoran Group and Citi Habitats.
In addition to acquiring the brokerage operation, Realogy entered a 100-year licensing agreement with Sotheby’s to open real estate franchises using the auction house name. Realogy pays Sotheby’s 9.5 percent of the net royalties it receives from franchisees – or a minimum of $2 million a year, according to Realogy’s most recent annual report. Today, Realogy owns 43 Sotheby’s offices, including one in New York City, and it franchises more than 780. The two segments sold $70 billion worth of real estate in 2014.
[vision_pullquote style=”1″ align=””] While the Sotheby’s brand is “powerful globally, its influence over the real estate business is minimal. It’s two separate businesses.” — Engel & Völkers’ Stuart Siegel [/vision_pullquote]That licensing deal earned Sotheby’s $7.2 million in fees in 2014, according to the company’s most recent proxy statement, up from $6 million in 2013 and $5 million in 2012. But Kathryn Korte, president and CEO of Sotheby’s International Realty, reckons the deal makes sense. Under Realogy’s ownership over the past decade, the brokerage more than doubled its sales volume to $15 billion in 2014, she said.
Client referrals from the auction house put agents “face-to-face with a qualified audience,” she said, “because so many ultra-high net worth individuals have a personal passion for art.”
Many others, including BlackRock’s CEO Larry Fink, believe that art and real estate are where all the big money goes to play.
But does purchasing fine art through your preferred auction house make you more likely to turn to it for property advice? That’s a tricky question.
Kathryn Korte (credit: Tobias Truvillon)
Korte declined to disclose the number of listings referred by the Sotheby’s auction house, but said there were “many,” including properties priced up to $95 million. She mentioned three successful referral deals, which led to sales of a $39.5 million Greenwich waterfront home, an $8 million Manhattan townhouse, and a $17 million estate in Sands Point, Long Island.
Anthony Paolone, an analyst at JPMorgan, believes the deal added up for Realogy.
“Realogy has done more with the Sotheby’s brand, in terms of building out a global real estate business, than Sotheby’s would have done on their own,” he said. “Real estate is Realogy’s core business and they’re very, very good at it.”
Unlike with Sotheby’s, Christie’s International Real Estate is a brokerage network that’s wholly-owned by the auction house. Local brokerages such as Brown Harris Stevens, which is the Christie’s affiliate in New York City, the Hamptons and Palm Beach pay a fee to be the exclusive affiliate in a specific market. The 138-firm network has combined annual sales between $100 billion and $125 billion.
[vision_pullquote style=”1″ align=”right”] “If I were going to sell you a diamond necklace, if I pull it out of my pocket or if I take you to Harry Winston and it’s in a velvet box, it commands a higher price. There is provenance.” — BHS’ Hall Willkie [/vision_pullquote]Brokerages sign one- to three-year contracts with Christie’s to use its name but also to tap into a “true referral and marketing network,” BHS’ Willkie told The Real Deal. His firm can advertise in Christie’s brochures and even in its lobby at Rockefeller Center, which showcases properties being sold by Christie’s affiliates.
“It’s a marketing venue for us, and it’s a great one,” Willkie said. BHS can also earn money — a standard 35 percent of commission — by referring clients to another Christie’s affiliate.
These privileges come with a slew of fees, however.
Sources said BHS pays millions of dollars each year to tap into the Christie’s network, on top of listing-specific advertising costs.
“It’s worth it,” Willkie said. “It’s hard to always pinpoint, but it brings specific business.” He emphasized that Christie’s seal of approval can boost a property’s value, explaining it thus: “If I were going to sell you a diamond necklace, if I pull it out of my pocket or if I take you to Harry Winston and it’s in a velvet box, it commands a higher price. There is provenance.”
But it’s this attitude that critics of the auction house model say has the potential to hurt consumers.
“Marketing is saying it a nice way. It’s taking advantage of unsophisticated sellers,” said Compass CEO Robert Reffkin. “Their pitch book tells you, an unsophisticated seller, that more buyers will come through this network to buy your home.”
[vision_pullquote style=”1″ align=””] “Marketing is saying it a nice way. It’s taking advantage of unsophisticated sellers.” — Compass’ Robert Reffkin [/vision_pullquote]Reffkin said that getting actual business through an auction house or international brokerage partner was extremely rare.
“If Wall Street was selling a product to owners of an asset,” he asked, “saying that the product would get more demand from buyers, and less than 1 percent of the time it was actually true, what do you think the SEC and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau would do?”
Realogy licenses out the Sotheby’s name to more than 700 brokerages across the country. But not all its affiliates embody the luxury lifestyle. A Sotheby’s-affiliated brokerage in New Hampshire, for example, includes listings for trailer homes on its website. Licensing Sotheby’s name so widely “did alter the exclusivity of the brand,” Willkie said.
“Sotheby’s provides meaningful brand visibility,” said Engel & Volkers’ Siegel, “but it doesn’t translate into meaningful or definable percentage of sales.”
II. Friends of ours: Strategic alliances
Even those firms avoiding the auction house route are looking at partnerships that will help them court foreign buyers. That’s especially true in the luxury and super-luxury markets, where demand may be falling short of supply.
“If you’re selling a $20 million to $50 million property, you cannot just market to the domestic high-net worth market,” said David Friedman, president of Wealth-X, which tracks ultra-high-net-worth individuals. “To win business, brokerages have to show they won’t be constrained in marketing to the U.S., but will look at a global investment platform.”
This need for global attention on domestic listings was a key reason for the Elliman-Knight Frank tie-up. The firms share marketing costs, jointly promote certain properties and may swap leads.
“The global real estate buyer is starting to look in multiple markets,” said Richard Jordan, Elliman’s senior vice president of global markets, who in the past 12 months logged 700,000 miles and visited 37 cities worldwide in order to build up the Elliman-Knight Frank network. “It’s important to realize that and realize that a lot of our client base has assets all over the world. Why would we not want to take care of our clients no matter what market they’re looking at?”
Jed Garfield (credit: Erin Patrice O’Brien)
Even Jed Garfield, owner of Leslie J. Garfield & Co, who said 90 percent of his clients are still domestic, agreed that it’s important for a brokerage to be thought of as having global reach.
“Our clients on the sale side want to know that they’re reaching every possible potential purchaser,” he said. “Otherwise, it gives people a reason not to hire me.”
Garfield and Beauchamp will evenly split the commission on shared deals. As of November, Garfield was working on four New York deals with Beauchamp customers.
Siegel, however, challenged the notion that a strategic alliance or affiliation – let alone a partnership with Sotheby’s or Christie’s – makes a firm “international.”
“The optics are that you have access to the international market, and the companies use it to secure listings,” he said. “But their access to the market and their brand recognition and true referral business is diminished.”
Philip White, CEO of Sotheby’s International Realty Affiliates, disagreed. This year, Sotheby’s opened 14 franchises internationally, the most ever.
“We are very focused on creating a local brokerage business, but the real estate market has become very global,” White said. “For us to build the kind of business that we want to build, we have to be in the markets that are generating referrals across these international boundaries.” A proprietary system Sotheby’s rolled out in 2014, which includes translation tools, led to “thousands” of referrals, he added.
III: The bottom line
Standard fees for referral networks can range from 20 percent to 35 percent of the commission, sources told TRD.
But firms are tight-lipped about how much business they are getting. “It’s very nebulous,” said one brokerage head whose firm had a tryst with a European partner a decade ago.
From left: Town’s Wendy Maitland and Fortune’s Edgardo Defortuna
Maitland said the alliance between Town and Fortune – which includes shared marketing costs – resulted in more than $140 million in sales volume within the first six months. If the alliance contributes more than 5 percent to Town’s annual sales, she said she’d consider it “very successful.”
Diane Ramirez, CEO of Halstead Property, estimated that up to 15 percent of her firm’s business comes through its referral network, which includes U.K.-based Mayfair International Realty, Leading Real Estate Companies of the World, a membership-based network of around 500 brokerages worldwide, and Luxury Portfolio, the network’s luxury arm. She declined to disclose membership dues.
In the ultra-competitive residential market, agents are all too pleased to trumpet the relationships – whether or not they’ve actually paid off.
[vision_pullquote style=”1″ align=””] “We would not continue to be investing if it wasn’t working.” —Elliman’s Richard Jordan [/vision_pullquote]At least a dozen agents who joined Elliman over the past year singled out the firm’s alliance with Knight Frank – or Elliman’s new global reach – as a decisive factor. In November, Roger Erickson joining Elliman from Sotheby’s would give him “the resources of the leading residential agency in New York and London… and a brokerage network which extends both domestically and internationally.”
Elliman’s Jordan declined to disclose the volume of deals that came through the Knight Frank alliance, other than to say it was “significant,” with properties ranging from $500,000 to $25 million.
“Of course it’s a revenue model,” he said. “We would not continue to be investing if it wasn’t working.”
Like BHS and Christie’s, Stribling & Associates pays a fee to be an affiliate of global real estate firm Savills. (The two formed a partnership in 2010.)
“It’s not inexpensive, but it’s worth it,” said Kirk Henckels, a vice chairman at Stribling, who declined to disclose the actual amount. (Along with Stribling, Savills is affiliated with San Francisco-based residential brokerage McGuire Real Estate and The Agency in Los Angeles.)
From left: Nikki Field and the Lake Tahoe estate
Sotheby’s Nikki Field said she tapped the brokerage’s network when her client – former Tommy Hilfiger CEO Joel Horowitz — wanted to sell his 210-acre estate in Lake Tahoe. “I’m not licensed to sell in Nevada, so I couldn’t sell it,” she said of the property, which was first listed for $100 million in 2006. (It sold for $48 million in 2013.) “I brought the client to Sotheby’s locally. We found a buyer from Texas.”
Field said 48 percent of her business last year came from referrals outside New York, via the auction house or brokerage network.
“It’s a very lucrative additional income opportunity for residential real estate brokers if they have this connection to international sales,” she said. “It’s the reason I stay at Sotheby’s,” she added.
But even if the revenue stream for brokerage alliances seems ill-defined, agents and real estate executives said the relationships provide powerful branding.
“They are marvelous marketing tools,” said Kathy Braddock, co-managing director of William Raveis NYC and a former executive at Elliman. At the same time, she added, if the relationships made that much of a difference, firms with auction house business or a global alliance would have every listing.
“It’s important that everyone has international and national connections because the world is very small. But in the end, real estate is local,” said Braddock. “I will go to my grave saying that.”